REPORTED SPEECH
косвенная речь
Таблица перевода обстоятельств. Слева слово в прямой речи, справа — его эквивалент при переводе прямой речи в косвенную.
Now — then
Today — that day
Yesterday - the day before
The day before yesterday (позавчера) — two days before
Tomorrow — the next day
The day after tomorrow (послезавтра) — in two day's time
Next week (year, month) — the following week (year, month)
Next Monday — the following Monday
Last week (year, month) — the previous week (year, month)
A year ago — the year before/the previous year
This June — the following June
Ago — before
Here — there
This, these — that, those
Еще небольшая табличка: что во что превращается при переводе прямой речи в косвенную:
Will превращается в would
Can — в could
А теперь еще упражнение:
Такая ситуация: Вчера ты встретил своего приятеля Чарли. Чарли рассказал тебе много интересного. Вот что он тебе сказал (в прямой речи):
1. I'm thinking of going to Canada.
2. My farther is in hospital.
3. Nora and Jim are getting married next month.
4. I haven't seen Bill for a while.
5. I've been playing tennis a lot recently.
6. Margaret has had a baby.
7. I don't know what Fred is doing.
8. I hardly ever go out these days.
9. I work 14 hours a day.
10. I'll tell Jim I saw you.
11. You can come and stay with me if you are ever in London
12. Tom had an accident last week but he wasn't injured.
13. I saw Jack at a party a few months ago and he seemed fine.
Ответы:
1. Charlie said that he was thinking of going to Canada.
2. Charlie said that his father was in hospital.
3. Charlie said that Nora and Jim were getting married next month.
4. Charlie said that he hadn’t seen Bill for a while.
5. Charlie said that he had been playing tennis a lot recently.
6. Charlie said that Margaret had had a baby.
7. Charlie said that he didn’t know what Fred was doing.
8. Charlie said that he hardly ever went go out these days.
9. Charlie said that he worked 14 hours a day.
10. Charlie said that he would tell Jim he saw (had seen) me.
11. Charlie said that I could come and stay with him if I was ever in London.
12. Charlie said that Tom had had an accident last week but he hadn’t been injured.
13. Charlie said that he had seen Jack at a party a few months ago and he had seemed fine.
№1
1. She said, "I am reading."
She said that __________.
2. They said, "We are busy."
They said that __________.
3. He said, "I know a better restaurant."
He said that __________.
4. She said, "I woke up early."
She said that __________.
5. He said, "I will ring her."
He said that __________.
6. They said, "We have just arrived."
They said that __________.
7. He said, "I will clean the car."
He said that __________.
8. She said, "I did not say that."
She said that __________.
9. She said, "I don't know where my shoes are."
She said that __________.
10. He said: "I won't tell anyone."
He said that __________.
№2
They said __________.1. They said, "This is our book."
2. She said, "I went to the cinema yesterday."
She said __________.
3. He said, "I am writing a test tomorrow."
He said __________.
4. You said, "I will do this for him."
You said __________.
5. She said, "I am not hungry now."
She said __________.
6. They said, "We have never been here before."
They said __________.
7. They said, "We were in London last week."
They said __________.
8. He said, "I will have finished this paper by tomorrow."
He said __________.
9. He said, "They won't sleep."
He said __________.
10. She said, "It is very quiet here."
She said __________.
№3
1. "Where is my umbrella?" she asked.
She asked __________.
2. "How are you?" Martin asked us.
Martin asked us __________.
3. He asked, "Do I have to do it?"
He asked __________.
4. "Where have you been?" the mother asked her daughter.
The mother asked her daughter __________.
5. "Which dress do you like best?" she asked her boyfriend.
She asked her boyfriend __________.
6. "What are they doing?" she asked.
She wanted to know __________.
7. "Are you going to the cinema?" he asked me.
He wanted to know __________.
8. The teacher asked, "Who speaks English?"
The teacher wanted to know __________.
9. "How do you know that?" she asked me.
She asked me __________.
10. "Has Caron talked to Kevin?" my friend asked me.
My friend asked me __________.
11. "What's the time?" he asked.
He wanted to know __________.
12. "When will we meet again?" she asked me.
She asked me __________.
13. "Are you crazy?" she asked him.
She asked him __________.
14. "Where did they live?" he asked.
He wanted to know __________.
15. "Will you be at the party?" he asked her.
He asked her __________.
16. "Can you meet me at the station?" she asked me.
She asked me __________.
17. "Who knows the answer?" the teacher asked.
The teacher wanted to know __________.
18. "Why don't you help me?" she asked him.
She wanted to know __________.
19. "Did you see that car?" he asked me.
He asked me __________.
20. "Have you tidied up your room?" the mother asked the twins.
The mother asked the twins __________.
№4
1. “Explain to me how to solve this problem,” my friend said to me. 2. The doctor said to Nick, “Open your mouth and show me your tongue.” 3. “Don’t be afraid of my dog,” said the man to Kate. 4. “Take this book and read it,” said the librarian to the boy. 5. The doctor said to Pete, “Don’t go for a walk today.” 6. “Don’t eat too much ice cream,” Nick’s mother said to him. 7. “Go home,” the teacher said to us. 8. “Buy some meat in the shop,” my mother said to me. 9. “Sit down at the table and do your homework,” my mother said to me. 10. “Don’t forget to clean your teeth,” said granny to Helen. 11. “Don’t sit up late,” said the doctor to Mary.
№5
1. Tom said he would go to see the doctor the next day. 2. He told me he was ill. 3. He told me he had fallen ill. 4. They told me that Tom had not come to school the day before. 5. I told my sister that she might catch a cold. 6. She told me she had caught a cold. 7. He said that while crossing the English Channel they had stayed on deck all the time. 8. The woman said she had felt sick while crossing the Channel. 9. She said she was feeling bad that day.10. The old man told the doctor that he had pain in his right side. 11. He said he had just been examined by a good doctor. 12. He said he would not come to school until Monday. 13. The man said he had spent a month at a seaside resort. 14. He said that his health had greatly improved since then.
Степени сравнения
прилагательных
В английском языке качественные прилагательные, обозначающие признак предмета, ставятся перед существительным, но после артикля. Сравните:
- I like a dog. ()
- I like a grey dog. ()
№1
1. She said, "I am reading."
She said that __________.
2. They said, "We are busy."
They said that __________.
3. He said, "I know a better restaurant."
He said that __________.
4. She said, "I woke up early."
She said that __________.
5. He said, "I will ring her."
He said that __________.
6. They said, "We have just arrived."
They said that __________.
7. He said, "I will clean the car."
He said that __________.
8. She said, "I did not say that."
She said that __________.
9. She said, "I don't know where my shoes are."
She said that __________.
10. He said: "I won't tell anyone."
He said that __________.
№2
They said __________.1. They said, "This is our book."
2. She said, "I went to the cinema yesterday."
She said __________.
3. He said, "I am writing a test tomorrow."
He said __________.
4. You said, "I will do this for him."
You said __________.
5. She said, "I am not hungry now."
She said __________.
6. They said, "We have never been here before."
They said __________.
7. They said, "We were in London last week."
They said __________.
8. He said, "I will have finished this paper by tomorrow."
He said __________.
9. He said, "They won't sleep."
He said __________.
10. She said, "It is very quiet here."
She said __________.
№3
1. "Where is my umbrella?" she asked.
She asked __________.
2. "How are you?" Martin asked us.
Martin asked us __________.
3. He asked, "Do I have to do it?"
He asked __________.
4. "Where have you been?" the mother asked her daughter.
The mother asked her daughter __________.
5. "Which dress do you like best?" she asked her boyfriend.
She asked her boyfriend __________.
6. "What are they doing?" she asked.
She wanted to know __________.
7. "Are you going to the cinema?" he asked me.
He wanted to know __________.
8. The teacher asked, "Who speaks English?"
The teacher wanted to know __________.
9. "How do you know that?" she asked me.
She asked me __________.
10. "Has Caron talked to Kevin?" my friend asked me.
My friend asked me __________.
11. "What's the time?" he asked.
He wanted to know __________.
12. "When will we meet again?" she asked me.
She asked me __________.
13. "Are you crazy?" she asked him.
She asked him __________.
14. "Where did they live?" he asked.
He wanted to know __________.
15. "Will you be at the party?" he asked her.
He asked her __________.
16. "Can you meet me at the station?" she asked me.
She asked me __________.
17. "Who knows the answer?" the teacher asked.
The teacher wanted to know __________.
18. "Why don't you help me?" she asked him.
She wanted to know __________.
19. "Did you see that car?" he asked me.
He asked me __________.
20. "Have you tidied up your room?" the mother asked the twins.
The mother asked the twins __________.
№4
1. “Explain to me how to solve this problem,” my friend said to me. 2. The doctor said to Nick, “Open your mouth and show me your tongue.” 3. “Don’t be afraid of my dog,” said the man to Kate. 4. “Take this book and read it,” said the librarian to the boy. 5. The doctor said to Pete, “Don’t go for a walk today.” 6. “Don’t eat too much ice cream,” Nick’s mother said to him. 7. “Go home,” the teacher said to us. 8. “Buy some meat in the shop,” my mother said to me. 9. “Sit down at the table and do your homework,” my mother said to me. 10. “Don’t forget to clean your teeth,” said granny to Helen. 11. “Don’t sit up late,” said the doctor to Mary.
1. Tom said he would go to see the doctor the next day. 2. He told me he was ill. 3. He told me he had fallen ill. 4. They told me that Tom had not come to school the day before. 5. I told my sister that she might catch a cold. 6. She told me she had caught a cold. 7. He said that while crossing the English Channel they had stayed on deck all the time. 8. The woman said she had felt sick while crossing the Channel. 9. She said she was feeling bad that day.10. The old man told the doctor that he had pain in his right side. 11. He said he had just been examined by a good doctor. 12. He said he would not come to school until Monday. 13. The man said he had spent a month at a seaside resort. 14. He said that his health had greatly improved since then.
Степени сравнения
Степени сравнения
Качественные прилагательные образуют две степени сравнения: сравнительнуюи превосходную. Причем, перед превосходной степенью всегда ставится определенный артикль the. Положительной формой называется исходная форма прилагательного.
- dark - darker - the darkest
Степени сравнения прилагательных могут образовываться тремя способами:
1. для односложных прилагательных: добавлением суффиксов -er и -est
- short - shorter - the shortest
Так же для двусложных прилагательных, оканчивающихся на -ble, -er, -y, -some, -ow и с приставкой un-:
- happy - happier - the happiest
- shallow - shallower - the shallowest
- clever - cleverer - the cleverest
- simple - simpler - the simplest
- untidy - untidier - the untidiest
При прибавлении суффиксов -er и -est существуют правила:
Немое -e в конце слов опускается:
- large – larger – largest
- brave – braver – bravest
Если прилагательное оканчивается на краткую гласную и согласную, то в сравнительной и превосходной степени конечная согласная удваивается:
- hot – hotter – hottest
- big – bigger – biggest
Если прилагательное оканчивается на согласную и букву -y, то в сравнительной и превосходной степени конечная -y заменяется на -i:
- easy – easier – easiest
- dirty – dirtier – dirtiest
2. для многосложных прилагательных: добавляются слова more и the most
- beautiful - more beautiful - the most beautiful
3. исключения или образование степеней сравнения изменением целого слова:
- Good – better – the best
- Bad – worse – the worst
- Little – less – the least
- Many / much – more – the most
- Old – older – the oldest
- Old – elder – the eldest
- Late – later – the latest / last
- Late – the latter – the last
- Near – nearer – the nearest
- Near – nearer – next / the next
- Far – farther – the farthest
- Far – further – the furthest
- Упражнения
- № 1.Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степень следующих прилагательных.
- Hotlong
shortsillygreatwhiteinterestingmerrydrybeautifulgoodfardeepbad
№2.Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму прилагательного
| 1. This man is (tall) than that one. | |
| 2. Asia is (large) than Australia | |
| 3. The Volga is (short) than the Mississippi | |
| 4.Mary is a (good) student than Lucy. | |
| 5.This garden is the (beautiful) in our town. | |
| 6.She speaks Italian (good) than English | |
| 7.Spanish is (easy) than German | |
| 8.This book is (interesting) of all I have read this year | |
| 9.January is (cold) month of the year | |
| 10.Which is the (hot) month of the year? | |
| 11.My sister speaks English (bad) than I do | |
| 12.A bus is (fast) than a tram. | |
| 13.The (tall) trees in the world grow in California | |
| 14.Who is the (attentive) student in your group? | |
| 15. It is autumn. Every day the air becomes (cold) , the leaves (yellow) . |
Сравнение Past Simple и Past Continuous
Изучите различные случаи использования этих форм глаголов.
- I was doing my homework at 7.00 last night.
В 7:00 я еще не закончил делать домашнюю работу. Сообщаю о том, чем был занят в 7:00 вечера. - I did my homework last night.
Сообщаю о том, что выполнил домашнюю работу вчера. - I was doing my homework when Jack arrived.
When the teacher arrived, the students were talking.
Прибытие Джека и учителя - это короткие события, которые произошли во время совершения более долгих событий (doing homework и talking) и прервали последние. - The teacher arrived. Then they started the lesson.
Здесь одно событие следует за другим.
1 Something ......... (fall) out of that window while I .............. (stand) under it.
2 When Jane.................(have) her Saturday job at a flower shop she.............. (send) me flowers.
3 Dad................(pay) me very well when I............(work) in his shop in the holidays.
4 It................(snow) while we ..............(make) the snowman.
5 I.............(leave) the shop and then I.............(see) this picture, so I ............(buy) it.
6 A light rain...............(fall) when I............(arrive) in Abilene for the first time.
7 I...............(write) to you while my husband................(speak) over the phone.
2 When Jane.................(have) her Saturday job at a flower shop she.............. (send) me flowers.
3 Dad................(pay) me very well when I............(work) in his shop in the holidays.
4 It................(snow) while we ..............(make) the snowman.
5 I.............(leave) the shop and then I.............(see) this picture, so I ............(buy) it.
6 A light rain...............(fall) when I............(arrive) in Abilene for the first time.
7 I...............(write) to you while my husband................(speak) over the phone.
№ 2 .Выберите правильную форму выделенных глаголов.
Настоящее совершенное время
Грамматика --> Present Perfect ActiveЗначение
Данное время обычно передает действия, которые совершились до момента речи и имеют непосредственную связь с настоящим моментом. Эта связь может проявляться в виде результата действия, ощущающегося в настоящий момент, либо в виде указания на период времени, который еще не закончился и включает в себя момент речи.
Образование форм глагола
Форма глаголов состоят из двух частей: спрягаемой части - формы вспомогательного глагола to have в настоящем времени, и неизменяемой части - причастия II смыслового глагола, т.е. третья форма глагола.
У правильных глаголов третья форма глагола образуется также как и вторая форма, т.е. путем прибавления окончания -ed, c соответствующими орфографическими изменениями. Неправильные глаголы имеют особую форму, которая дается в словаре.
В образовании вопросительной и отрицательной форм в основном участвует спрягаемая часть - вспомогательный глагол to have.
Ниже представлены повествовательные, вопросительные и отрицательные формы глагола to work.
| Лицо | Число | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Единственное | Множественное | ||||
| Утвердительная форма | |||||
| 1 л. | I have worked | we have worked | |||
| 2 л. | you have worked | you have worked | |||
| 3 л. |
| they have worked | |||
| Отрицательная форма | |||||
| 1 л. | I have not worked | we have not worked | |||
| 2 л. | you have not worked | you have not worked | |||
| 3 л. |
| they have not worked | |||
| Вопросительная форма | |||||
| 1 л. | Have I worked? | Have we worked? | |||
| 2 л. | Have you worked? | Have you worked? | |||
| 3 л. |
| Have they worked | |||
Употребление
Данное время часто употребляется с наречиями неопределенного времени: ever, already, yet, never, just, lately, recently, up to now, once, many time. Также данное время может выражать действия, которые начались ранее и не закончились до момента речи. В таких случаях данное время употребляется в конструкция с предлогами since и for.
Exercises
Упражнение 1
В следующих предложениях измените время глагола на Present Perfect. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The pupils are writing the dictation. 2. My friend is helping me to solve a difficult problem. 3. I am learning a poem 4. She is telling them an interesting story. 5. Kate is sweeping the floor. 6. The waiter is putting a bottle of lemonade in front of him. 7. I am eating my breakfast. 8. We are drinking water. 9. He is bringing them some meat and vegetables. 10 You are putting the dishes on the table.
Упражнение 2
Составьте словосочетания, используя since и for. Придумайте предложения с некоторыми из них.
1. last summer. 2. ... 1995. 3. ... a long time; 4. ... last month; 5. ... two weeks; 6. ... 2 March; 7. ... two hours; 8. ... 1975; 9. ... six days; 10. ... a month;
11. two years; 12. ... three days; 13. ... ten minutes; 14. ... three hundred years; 15. ... Wednesday; 16. ... seven days; 17. ...three o'clock. 18. ... 18 September; 19. ... my last birthday; 20. ... a cetury; 21. ... 2001.
Упражнение 3
Раскройте скобки и поставьте глаголы в Present Perfect.
1. John (write) his name. 2. I (draw) a picture. 3. Tom (blow out ) the light. 4. The cat (drink) its milk. 5. The tree (fall) across the road. 6. John (give) his bicycle to his brother. 7. You (make) a mistake. 8. We (eat) our dinner. 9. The train just (go). 10. I just (tell) the answer. 11. George never (be) in Australia. 12. John and Richard just (go away). 13. The baker (sell) all his cakes. 14. I (read) this book.
Упражнение 4
Сделайте данные предложения отрицательными
1. Jack has washed the dog. 2. Father has already cleaned his car. 3. Mr Snowdon has made a speech at the conference. 4. Granny has bought me some cakes. 5. They have paintedtheir old house. 6. Liz has bought some flowers. 7. My sister has just cooked breakfast for the family. 8. The cat has already eaten fish. 9. Mrs Gracy have gone to London. 10. I have never been to India. 11. She has just broken a vase. 12. We have cleaned the room. 13. Cris has phoned his friend. 14. The train has just arrived. 15. It has just started to rain. 16. Kelly has gone to America. 17. We have left our books to school. 18. The stree has changed a lot. 19. You have worked here for a long time. 20. Mandy has been to Greece.
Упражнение 5
Напишите третью форму данных глаголов.
write, win, sell, try, read, play, find, visit, stop, study, die, do.
Упражнение 6
Составьте вопросы по образцу, используя данные слова: (you / ever / be / to Italy) - Have you ever been to Italy?
1. You ever / be / to South America?
2. You / read / any English books?
3. You / live / in this town all your life?
4. How many times / you / be / in love?
5. What's / the most beautiful country / you /ever / visit?
6. You ever / speak / to a famous person?
Упражнение 7
Составьте предложения из слов в скобках.
| 1. (it/not/rain/this week) | |
| 2. (the weather/be/cold/recently) | |
| 3. (it /be/cold/last week) | |
| 4. (I not/read/a newspaper yesterday) | |
| 5. (I not/read/a newspaper today) | |
| 6. (Ann/earn/a lot of money/this year) | |
| 7. (she not/earn/so much/last year) | |
| 8. (you have/a holiday recently?) | |
Упражнение 8
Закончите предложения, используя приведенные ниже слова + for или ago.
| |||||
1.
| Jill arrived in Ireland . | ||||
2.
| Jill has been in Ireland . | ||||
3.
| Linda and Frank have been married . | ||||
4.
| Linda and Frank got married . | ||||
5.
| Dan arrived . | ||||
6.
| We had lunch . | ||||
7.
| Silvia has been learning English . | ||||
8.
| Have you known Lisa ? | ||||
9.
| I bought these shoes . | ||||
Упражнение 9
Исправьте неправильные предложения. Где все верно, поставьте слово right.
| ||
1.
| I've lost my key. I can't find it. | |
2.
| Have you seen Ann yesterday? | |
3.
| I've finished my work at 2 o'clock. | |
4.
| I'm ready now. I've finished my work. | |
5.
| What time have you finished your work? | |
6.
| Sue isn't here. She's gone out. | |
7.
| Jim's grandmother has died in 1989. | |
8.
| Where have you been last night? | |
Упражнение *
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple.
1. Helen speaks French so well because she (to live) in France. 2. She (to live) there last year. 3. The rain (to stop) and the sun is shining in the sky again. 4. The rain (to stop) half an hour ago. 5. Mary (to buy) a new hat. 6. I (to buy) a pair of gloves yesterday. 7. The wind (to blow) off the man's hat, and he cannot catch it. 8. The weather (to change), and we can go for a walk. 9. The wind (to change) in the morning. 10. We (to travel) around Europe last year.
Упражнение **
- ♥ «You _______ (hear) about the Azeri restaurant Marquise de Salade?» «Yes we _______ (be) there for my father's birthday.»
- ♥ «You _______ (be) out of Europe?» «Yes I _______ (be) to Canada, Morocco and Turkey.» «And which you _______ (like) best?»
- ♥ It _______ (stop) raining yet?
- ♥ How long is it since they _______ (be) at your place?
- ♥ You _______ (meet) my fiancée yet?
- ♥ How it_______ (get) into my pocket?
- You _______ (forget) to book the tickets, _______you?
- ♥ How long is it since you last _______ (talk)?
- When he _______ (say) he would come?
- I _______ (see) him the other day.
- ♥ We _______ (run out) of beer.
- ♥ «You _______ (pay) the bills?» «Not yet. I _______ (have) a spare minute during the day.»
- ♥ He certainly meant what he _______ (say).
- ♥ As soon as the match _______ (start) the audience _______ (begin) shouting.
- It _______ (be) no use arguing with him at that time.
- ♥ You _______ (see) the new Santana video?
- ♥ Why you _______ (call) me?
- ♥ You_______ (remember) to water the plants before we left?
- ♥ You _______ (come) to school by car today?
- ♥ Where you _______ (be) during the meeting?
- «When one door closes, another opens, but we often look so long and so regretfully upon the closed door that we do not see the one that _______ (open) for us.» — Alexander Graham Bell
- «Perhaps my greatest strength, and I've no idea where it _______ (come) from, is that I never _______ (be) afraid to fail.» — Tim Watson
- «There are two possible outcomes: If the result confirms the hypothesis, then you _______ (make) a measurement. If the result is contrary to the hypothesis, then you _______ (make) a discovery.» — Fermi
Causatives
Sample Exercises
- A way to practice using causative verbs would be to take a few active and passive sentences and rewrite them using "make," "have," "get" or "let." Here are a few sample active sentences: The boy mowed our lawn. Her daughter tried out for the soccer team. Fiona's friend wrote Fiona's report for her.Causative versions of the sentences would be: We had the boy mow our lawn. She let her daughter try out for the soccer team. Fiona got her friend to writer her report for her.Here are some sample passive sentences: Susan's jacket was dry-cleaned.The dishes were done by the dishwasher.The kids were allowed to watch the movie.Causative: Susan had her jacket dry-cleaned. The boss made the dish-washers do the dishes. The parents let their kids watch the movie.Try picking out active and passive sentences like these out of books and magazines you have at home. Rewrite the sentences using the verbs and form I outlined above.
have something done / make somebody do something / get somebody to do something / let somebody do somethingChoose the best answer.1. She ________ that he wouldn’t tell anyone.a) made him promised b) made him promise c) promised to make2. Does your tooth still hurt? Yes, I have to get a dentist ________ soon.a) look at it b) to get it looked at c) to look at it3. I ________ a couple of days ago.a) had my bike to be fixed b) had my bike fix c) had my bike fixed4. I will not ________ with this!a) allow you get away b) let you get away c) to let you get away5. Don’t ________ these things about you!a) let him say b) let him to say c) let him said6. The movie ________ sad.a) made to feel b) made him feel c) made him to feel7. I get my ________ from my other address.a) mail forward b) mail to forward c) mail forwarded8. Have your assistant ________ these letters immediately!a) to send b) to be sent c) send9. He ________ yesterday.a) had his hair cut b) had his hair to be cut c) had hair to be cut10. The professor ________ early.a) to let the students leave b) let the students leave c) let the students to leave
Answer the questions and write your scores
Theory - the Passive
С практической точки зрения в английском Пассив (как и в русском Страдательный залог) используется:
· Когда производитель действия неизвестен:
The car was stolen. - Машина была украдена.
· Когда нам не важен конкретный производитель:
I was told that Chinese is a difficult language. Мне говорили, что китайский - трудный язык. (В данном случае при переводе пассивной английской конструкции I was told используется неопределенно-личное (в котором нет подлежащего) русское предложение " Мне говорили".)
· Когда производитель ясен из контекста (то есть, из предыдущего или последующего содержания текста):
My dog hates cats. Once a cat came into our yard and was nearly killed. - Моя собака ненавидит кошек. Однажды к нам во двор вошла кошка и была чуть не убита. (Пассив во втором предложении во втором сказуемом "была не убита", а подлежащее "кошка", и его первое сказуемое "вошла" - активное.)
· В научной литературе:
In one experiment rats were allowed to sleep all day. - В одном эксперименте крысам позволили спать весь день. (И в этом случае при переводе пассивной английской конструкции rats were allowed to sleep используется неопределенно-личное (в котором нет подлежащего) русское предложение " крысам позволили спать".)
· Когда производителя действия не хотят называть прямо из вежливости, страха, и так далее:
The fridge door wasn't closed tightly. - Дверь холодильника не была плотно закрыта.
Утвердительная форма Passive Voice (или проще - Пассива) образуется очень просто:
Подлежащее + Глагол to be в нужной форме + Третья форма смыслового глагола.
Даю сразу прошедшее, настоящее и будущее.
Например: русские предложения
Дом строился - прошедшее
Дом строится - настоящее
Дом будет строиться - будущее
В прошедшем времени формы глагола to be - was для единственного числа и were для множественного. Но поскольку у нас дом один, то нам надоwas. Смысловой глагол "строить". Его формы: первая - build, вторая - built, и третья тоже - built. Поэтому получается:
The house was built.
В настоящем времени формы глагола to be:
Am - только для первого лица, единственного числа (I)
Is - только для третьего лица, единственного числа (he, she, it)
Are - для множественных чисел всех лиц (we, they, you в английском с точки зрения грамматики всегда множественное число). Получается: дом - третье лицо, единственное число, значит is:
The house is built.
Если бы было множественное число, то:The houses are built.
В будущем времени. Форма глагола to be в будущем - для первого лица единственного и множественного числа: shall be, для остальных лиц и чисел:will be. Но в современном английском для всех лиц и чисел будущее время образуется с will, то есть, will be.
И получается:
The house will be built.
Ты уже, наверное, обратил внимание, что меняется только форма глагола to be, а третья форма глагола остается неизменной, что очень даже удобно и намного облегчает нашу задачу! То же самое, если помнишь, происходит с временами группы Continuous (Продолженными), где меняется только формы to be, а смысловой глагол с -ing окончанием остается неизменным. (То же самое будет и временами группы Perfect - Перфектными, где будет меняться только вспомогательный глагол to have, а смысловой глагол в третьей форме будет оставаться неизменным.)
Если нужно ввести производителя действия над подлежащим, то он вводится предлогом by:
The gangster was shot by a policeman. - Гангстер был застрелен полицейским.
Если нужно ввести орудие, которым выполняется действие, то оно вводится предлогом with:
The gangster was shot by a policeman with a revolver. - Гангстер был застрелен полицейским из револьвера.
Вопросительная форма в Пассиве образуется тоже очень просто. Перед подлежащим ставится первый вспомогательный глагол, а после подлежащего идет оставшаяся часть. (Если вспомогательный глагол, то он и первый, но в будущем времени их два - will и be, поэтому перед подлежащим в будущем времени выносится will).
The house was built. - Was the house built?
The house is built. - Is the house built?
The house will be built. - Will the house be built?
Отрицание образуется также просто. После первого вспомогательного глагола ставится частица NOT.
The house was not built.
The house is not built.
The house will not be built.
Вот и вся грамматика!
Пишем на английском без ошибок: 5 практических советов
Каждый из нас бывал в ситуации, когда важно не только донести мысль, но и не упасть в грязь лицом. Школьного английского зачастую хватает, чтобы из нескольких простых фраз сложить, например, деловое письмо. Но как это сделать грамотно? Предлагаем вам 5 актуальных советов, следуя которым вы сможете избежать грубых ошибок и сделаете свою речь ярче.
1. Используйте короткие предложения
Пишите короткими и чёткими фразами. Избегайте перегруженных предложений – это поможет предотвратить ряд грамматических ошибок.
E.g. Loud applause greeted the person who was going to play the piano the pianist.
2. Используйте правильный порядок слов
В английском фиксированный порядок слов, и запомнить его просто, если следовать схеме SVOMT, где:
S – subject (подлежащее)
V – verb (сказуемое)
O – object (дополнение)
M – manner (как, при каких обстоятельствах)
T – time (время)
E.g. Kate (S) drove (V) her car (O) very fast (M) yesterday (T).
Простые предложения могут состоять, например, только из подлежащего (S) и сказуемого (V):
E.g. He (S) won (V).
3. Избегайте двойных отрицаний
В простых предложениях английского языка двойные отрицания не употребляются.
E.g. Nobody can do it (NOT Nobody can’t do it).
В разных частях одного (сложного) предложения отрицания допустимы.
E.g. I don’t know why he isn’t here.
Здесь много интересного по теме: http://lingualeo.ru/jungle/83832
4. Помните о заглавных буквах
Существует ряд случаев, когда слова английского языка пишутся с заглавной буквы. Рассмотрим основные:
Первое слово в предложении (если первое слово –число, пишите его словом). E.g. Two of us work very hard.
Первое слово в цитате. E.g. I said, “What’s the name of your company?”
Местоимение I и аббревиатуры A.D. или B.C. E.g. I will let you know when I’m ready.
Дни недели, месяцы, праздники. E.g. Christmas, Halloween, May, Friday…
Названия стран, языков и национальностей. E.g. In Switzerland, some citizens speak French, and others speak German.
Названия городов, штатов, улиц, достопримечательностей. E.g. Our partners came from London.
Слова, обозначающие божества, названия религий, вероисповеданий и священных писаний. E.g. He gave me the Bible for my birthday.
Королевские, научные, профессиональные звания и титулы. E.g.Britain spent the last four days marking the 60th anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II’s reign.
Институты, организации, торговые марки. E.g. Do you know that Coca-Cola has become the most popular soft drink in the world?
5. Используйте слова-связки
Такие слова используются, чтобы связать идеи/предложения между собой. Для каждой ситуации характерны конкретные слова-связки:
Последовательность
also – также
first of all – прежде всего
first/firstly, second/secondly/ etc. – во-первых, во-вторых и т.д.
the first point is – во-первых
further/furthermore – к тому же
in addition/moreover – а также/более того
last, finally, in conclusion – в заключение
to summarize – подводя итог
Результат
as a result – в результате
hence – следовательно
so – таким образом
therefore – по этой причине
thus – таким образом
Дополнительная информация
also– также (редко употребляется в начале предложения)
in addition/additionally – также
as well as – в дополнение
furthermore – помимо прочего
moreover – более того
apart from/besides – кроме того
Причина
as– в связи с тем, что
because–потому что
because of*–из-за
for–по причине
since–из-за того, что
due to*–по причине
owing to/owing the fact that*– принимая во внимания тот факт, что…
*после этих слов-связок употребляется существительное
Пример
for example/for instance - например
including–включая
such as–такой как
that is (i.e.)– то есть (т.е.)
Чаще всего используются выражения for example и for instance.
Противопоставление
but – но
despite/in spite of – несмотря на
however– однако
in contrast (to)/in comparison – в отличие от/в сравнении
nevertheless – тем не менее
on the other hand – с другой стороны
whereas – при этом
while –хотя
in theory… in practice… – в теории… на практике…
Сравнение
also– также
compare– сравните
just like– совсем как
not only… but also–не только… но и…
same as /similar to – такой же как
Больше о словах-связках с примерами: http://lingualeo.ru/jungle/67881
Кстати, у BBC есть отличный ролик на тему «Как написать деловое письмо на английском?». Будьте в курсе! http://lingualeo.ru/jungle/63730
И ещё несколько стандартов делового письма: http://lingualeo.ru/jungle/9591
Our favourite Tenses
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